Frag Out! Magazine
Issue link: https://fragout.uberflip.com/i/1513581
For that purpose, via a proper analysis, one should define the probable threats and strike assets that could potentially be employed when attacking such facilities. We also need to remember that not only do the protection levels offered by a shelter structure stem from the technical parameters (thickness of the concrete, depth at which the shelter is located, type of material above the structure), but also from a combination of different factors. Those factors may include camouflage, air/missile defense assets nearby, decoys and smoke generators, ECM (GPS spoofing), and the technical parameters of the structure itself. In a perfect world, those factors combined (that can be viewed as protection layers) can ensure that the structure is survivable. All those things aside, one may note that there are some civil defense facilities around the world already that, due to the fusion of the aforesaid factors, are virtually untouchable, when a conventional strike is taken into ac-count. During wartime, given the location of the facilities, and the relevance of their roles, it may be expected that the adversary would employ a set of different strike assets. Of course, the more important the facility is, the more probable a high quantity of powerful munitions would be used to incapacitate it. It seems, however, that there is a possibility of determining what munitions can be used to attack a sample defensive facility, at the given level. In the author's opinion, it is worth introducing a division, with protection level categories for the given structure, assigning the relevant category to the given administrative lev-el/organ. Those categories shall be defined through analysis and expert discussion, with determination of the most common munitions that are used at the given level. WMD/fire protection shall be obligatory. Designation Warhead weight (kg) Iskander-M/M1 410-480 Kh-22 630 Kh-55SM/Kh-555 410 Kh-101/Kh-102 400 Kindzhal 500 152 mm 3OF45 21.7 122 mm 9M22/9M28F BM-21 GRAD 18/21 220 mm 9M27F BM-27 URAGAN 100 BM-30 Smerch 9M55F 258 BM-30 Smerch 9M530* 243 Sample munitions commonly used in Ukraine: www.fragoutmag.com